Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 at the Halfway Mark: What the Numbers Say About the World's Most Ambitious Economic Transformation Programme

With Vision 2030 past its midpoint, Saudi Arabia's non-oil GDP has grown from 16 percent to 31 percent of total output, foreign direct investment has quadrupled, and the tourism sector has exceeded its 2030 targets five years early — while structural questions about private sector employment, sovereign debt, and the sustainability of state-funded growth remain live.